Gabrielle in line to become a hurricane as it turns out to sea while the U.S. sees a wetter pattern change this week

In brief: Gabrielle should become a hurricane by tomorrow as it passes well east of Bermuda and out to sea. Behind Gabrielle, the next tropical wave may develop heading into late next week. But aside from that, it looks pretty quiet, with AI models backing off Caribbean and southwest Atlantic development. A wetter pattern takes hold in many drought-plagued parts of the country, except New England, as mild/warm weather continues.

Tropical Storm Gabrielle

(NOAA/NHC)

Gabrielle will be passing east of Bermuda today and tomorrow, thankfully, as it likely becomes a hurricane. Winds are currently 65 mph, and it’s looking like it is on the cusp of becoming a hurricane.

Satellite loop centered on Gabrielle shows it trying to organize toward hurricane intensity. (Tropical Tidbits)

Gabrielle is expected to intensify, possibly rapidly over the next 48 hours, and there is a better than usual chance that it could become a major hurricane in that time. Odds of rapid intensification are around 2 to 3 times climatology, which is to say better than usual.

There is pretty good agreement on the track forecast of Gabrielle. It will slowly creep northward over the next 36 hours before making a bit of a hard right out to sea.

Minimal deviation in track overall between models with Gabrielle, and its remnants could eventually make it to the Azores. (Tropical Tidbits)

Other than a potential brush with the Azores in 5 days, Gabrielle will be just something to look at through midweek.

Behind and beyond Gabrielle

The next wave up has seen some growing potential for development. Odds went from 20 percent the last couple days to 40 percent this morning.

An area in the eastern Atlantic has about 40 percent development odds as of Sunday morning. (NOAA/NHC)

At least initially, this seems to be dealing with the same issues that plagued Gabrielle early on. Dry air and wind shear are limiting any organization.

Dry air and wind shear are limiting any real development of the tropical disturbance west southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. (Weathernerds.org)

So I would not expect much of this through at least Tuesday or so. Beyond that, conditions are expected to become more favorable. In general, I think this will take a similar track to Gabrielle, but it may creep a little farther west than the current storm is doing.

Google’s suite of AI models has backed off Caribbean and SW Atlantic development a bit, choosing to focus on the next wave instead. (Google Deep Mind)

Last week we discussed the AI models and how they were all a bit more bullish than traditional weather modeling on potential northwest Caribbean and southwest Atlantic development. Well, it seems that they have chosen instead to focus more on the upcoming wave rather than that more dangerous area closer to land. You can see the change in the forecast from Friday to today above for next Sunday.

In general, the pattern through next weekend will continue to favor this offshore track of anything tropical in nature. For now, the U.S. is mostly protected from anything on the Atlantic side. And with no real sign of anything imminent in the Caribbean or Gulf, we look good through the end of September.

The upper air pattern supports any tropical mischief staying offshore and away from the U.S. through the end of September. (Tropical Tidbits)

Perhaps the Gulf or southwest Atlantic will get more active in early October, but that’s extremely speculative.

That trough in the upper atmosphere over the Southeast above (blue) indicates that weather will be pretty unsettled over the next several days as well. We should begin to see locally heavy rainfall tomorrow through midweek from the Ozarks into the Ohio Valley. These are areas that are currently under drought conditions, so this will be mostly welcome news. However, the driest parts of New England may not cash in quite that much from this week’s weather, with a growing severe drought from Vermont through Maine. This is impacting foliage season, as my friend Jim Salge reports.

Rainfall over the next 7 days will be highest from the Ozarks into the Ohio Valley, areas that are currently in drought. (Pivotal Weather)

With the heaviest rains, we may begin to see some flooding issues crop up.

For those of you looking for true, legitimate fall weather, particularly in the southern half of the country, you may need to keep waiting. At times, some frosts may be possible in the usual northern colder spots that typically turn that direction this time of year. But the forecast for days 8 to 14 continue to show good odds of above normal temperatures across the entire country.

Above normal temperatures are expected to dominate the end of September and beginning of October. (Pivotal Weather)

But if we can keep any hurricanes away, perhaps it’s not such a bad trade off.

Gabrielle is doing well today, on the road to intensification in the open Atlantic

In brief: Gabrielle is looking better this morning, as it begins to slowly develop and organize in the open Atlantic. It should pass east of Bermuda but still bears some watching. Plus, today we dig in on the Caribbean battle in about 10 days between AI models and traditional weather models.

Tropical Storm Gabrielle

(NOAA/NHC)

Compared to yesterday at this time, Gabrielle looks phenomenal. It seems to have fought off most of the serious dry air issues. Now, it’s dealing with some lingering shear. So it’s still a bit “blobby” in nature, but that area of significant thunderstorms just east of the center has been persistent, usually a sign that a storm is trying to get better organized.

Gabrielle’s thunderstorms are much more persistent today than they have been. (Tropical Tidbits)

When you look at the satellite loop above, I mean, you can still very clearly see the wind shear issues it is putting up with. But that shear is expected to slowly ramp down as Gabrielle finds its way northwest over the next couple days. This should lead to organization and intensification, and Gabrielle is forecast to become a hurricane by Sunday. There is a slight chance that Gabrielle may even make a run toward major hurricane intensity by late Sunday or Monday. In fact, SHIPS model guidance is over 4 times higher than climatology for rapid intensification of a 75 mph wind increase to occur over the next 72 hours. We’ve seen higher odds before, but that’s still rather healthy, all things considered.

In terms of track, the NHC track is close in line with the vast majority of model guidance that currently keeps the storm east of Bermuda. You should still be monitoring this system if you have interests in Bermuda. But right now, it does appear to be a swing just east. More to come on this.

Elsewhere

The wave behind Gabrielle with 20 percent development odds is of minimal interest right now. What is more interesting is this battle that’s playing out between AI modeling and classic, physics-based modeling for next weekend and beyond in the northwest Caribbean. If you look at the two model ensembles (Google Deep Mind vs. the European ensemble), you can see a clear deviation in excitement around September 29th.

AI modeling (left) is far more enthusiastic about tropical development in the northwest Caribbean to close September than is European ensemble modeling (right). (Weathernerds.org)

The AI model suite is very, very excited about potential development in the northwest Caribbean to close September. I show Google Deep Mind above, but if you look at other AI modeling, including the European AIFS ensemble, you get a similar pulse of enthusiasm. Traditional, physics-based models are not as enamored with this setup and keep any developments confined to a couple rogue ensemble members.

I will say, if AI modeling has had a bit of a mixed bag of results this summer, it has come with “genesis” forecasts like this; where you can’t quite determine the specific disturbance that will develop but the models are very excited. They have had some moments, but they have also had a rather high genesis false alarm rate. Climatology changes in late September and October, and this is a favored area to watch, so from that point of view, you have to at least consider it may be seeing something. Or perhaps it’s a little too overzealous based on history, which is the bread and butter of AI modeling and wants to get things started with a bang. For now, this is not really an area to worry about or even monitor closely. But it’s an area we’ll be watching, and we’ll be very curious to see how the AI tools handle this as verification rolls forward.

Going to leave it there today. More to come this weekend!

Flash flooding risk in SoCal today, as the Atlantic continues to put on an exercise in futility

In brief: Gabrielle is struggling mightily this morning, with 50 mph winds but very little thunderstorm activity. It looks unlikely to threaten Bermuda but should still be watched. Not much else on the horizon. Locally heavy rain could produce flash flooding from southern California and southwest Arizona north into the Sierra today and tomorrow.

(NOAA/NHC)

Tropical Storm Gabrielle

Well, we finally got our “G” storm! Gabrielle formed out of the slop that was Tropical Depression 7 yesterday. And if there ever were a storm to typify this season, Gabrielle may be the one. It’s essentially a naked swirl this morning. Looking at it on satellite, you can literally see the wind shear impacting the storm.

Gabrielle’s low level circulation is evident, spinning right to left, while significant wind shear is evident in the clouds moving from bottom to top on the loop above. (Tropical Tidbits)

In addition to the shear, Gabrielle is also fighting dry air. Overall, this is about as pathetic as it gets for a tropical storm. It seems as though this is going to struggle mightily for the next 2 to 3 days. I wouldn’t be shocked to see it even be reclassified to a depression again at some point. Beyond that, the environment looks to get a little less hostile. This should support strengthening as the storm turns north and (likely) passes east of Bermuda. Some models still drag Gabrielle close to the island, but over 90 percent of the suite of solutions keeps it to the east.

The suite of a bunch of Google AI models (blue, green, purple) and the Euro ensemble (orange) show good agreement on Gabrielle passing east of Bermuda. (Google Weather Lab)

Given Gabrielle’s disorganization, it probably remains worth watching for Bermuda, because weird things can happen track-wise when you’re dealing with a system like this. Water temperatures in the subtropical Atlantic are quite warm, so assuming this gets to an environment that is less hostile, whenever it does get its act together (if it does), it could come together rather quickly. But at least for now, it’s not a real serious threat.

What comes next?

Well, the NHC took the 20 percent area off the board in the Atlantic and replaced it with a more generic 20 percent area for the next wave behind that one in the pipeline. This seems to be the season of “well, let’s watch the next wave.” Truth be told, when I look out beyond days 5 to 7 right now, I cannot point to much of anything other than vague “well, it’s September so we’re watching here and here maybe I guess.”

The background state of the Atlantic has been hostile all season, and it remains hostile, and I’m not sure I see where that’s changing. A lot of folks have mentioned the MJO, or Madden-Julian Oscillation, which is a periodic pattern of favorable conditions for thunderstorms (rising air) that works around the globe in the tropical regions. There is a fairly good correlation between supportive MJO activity and increased tropical risks. Much of this season has been spent in the unfavorable side of the MJO, with sinking air dominating the Atlantic. And it seems that every time the models suggest this may change…

So here we are in mid-September, without really much of anything showing up over the next 7 to 10 days. This gets us to about September 26-28, give or take. It’s important to recognize that October can still do bad, bad things. Very bad things. But at this specific moment in time we’re in good shape.

California rain

A slight risk of excessive rainfall and flash flooding is in place today for much of southern California’s mountains and deserts.

Flooding is possible in spots across SoCal today. (NOAA WPC)

Flash flood watches are posted from Yuma, Arizona through Yosemite National Park. While any flooding risk today is more or less isolated in nature, there could be some healthy rainfall rates with any storm. We could see some places with a tenth of an inch or less, and others that pick up 1 to 2 inches of rain in short order with flooding. A good day to be weather aware across SoCal, particularly north of LA up into the Central Valley as well as between Los Angeles and Las Vegas or east of San Diego to Yuma. The slight risk (2/4) focuses more on the Sierra on Friday.

Friday’s flooding risks are more focused on the Sierra. (NOAA WPC)

Another round of moisture increase could occur Sunday into early next week, bringing more rain chances to parts of California.

Tropical Depression 7 forms, worth watching in Bermuda but not a major concern

In brief: The Mid-Atlantic coastal storm is winding down, so we debate whether it was subtropical or non-tropical. Tropical Depression 7 has formed in the Atlantic, which is not currently a land threat but should be monitored in Bermuda. Meanwhile, the forecast in California is a little wetter, which is good news mostly.

Mid-Atlantic coastal storm

The coastal storm in the Mid-Atlantic is now inland and winding itself down. Rain totals were impressive, with 36-hour values up to nearly 8 inches around Virginia Beach.

36-hour rain totals ending this morning across the Tidewater and parts of northeastern North Carolina. (NOAA)

Additional rain today should be manageable, but a couple pockets of heavier rain can’t be entirely ruled out.

The question about this system will persist into the offseason. Was this a subtropical storm? Did it have characteristics of both a nor’easter-type storm (extratropical) and a tropical storm? The answer is very much “yes, it’s plausible.” If you look at what is known as a cyclone phase diagram, constructed by Dr. Robert Hart at Florida State University, you can see on the map inset how (based on yesterday’s European model guidance), the disturbance originated in the tropics (A) and lifted north to the Mid-Atlantic coast (C) where it will basically dissipate.

The cyclone phase diagram suggests that the Mid-Atlantic storm may have been subtropical in nature, meaning it had both characteristics of a tropical storm and a nor’easter-type storm. (Florida State University)

But then if you look at the “phase” part of the diagram, notice how it went from cold core (extratropical) to warm core (tropical). This is where the “sub” comes in with subtropical. It began as a frontal low pressure system, basically just a disturbance organizing on a cold front, something we see many times each year across the country. Since it was over warm water, the disturbance gradually took on *some* (not full) tropical characteristics as it came north, and now it will retreat back to non-tropical phase. This feels like the type of system that will get an extra look in the offseason, and it may turn out that this was our first September storm.

More notably, I think this really underscores that the technicalities don’t much matter in terms of impacts. Did the system produce heavy rain? Yes. Did it produce significant tidal flooding? Yes. Did it produce winds of 45 to 55 mph? Yes. Did it have a name? No. Should we have written more about this before yesterday? Probably. I think this is a good example of a storm where impacts are more clear-cut than the “what” it is. The “what” is all too often an academic exercise that means nothing to the vast majority of people. Remember, focus on impacts.

Tropical Depression 7

Overnight, we saw Invest 92L get an upgrade to Tropical Depression 7!

(NOAA NHC)

Tropical Depression 7 will head northwest over the next few days, likely passing comfortably north of the Caribbean islands. This morning, TD 7 looks…well, it looks.

Tropical Depression 7 has plenty of storms, but it remains very loosely organized. (Tropical Tidbits)

The thunderstorm activity is plentiful around the depression, so that signals that it’s got some good underlying bones. However, it’s not particularly clear that this has a closed circulation right now. Regardless, we’re again debating technicalities. This is a system that is ready to intensify once the bones become better organized.

The only land we’re focused on right now for a potential threat is Bermuda. Models seem split right now on whether it tracks toward Bermuda or curves back into the Atlantic east of the island. We’re about 6 days out from that happening, either way. Interests in Bermuda, be it for travel or otherwise should monitor Tropical Depression 7 over the coming days.

Other news and notes

Next wave up

Beyond Tropical Depression 7, there remains another wave with about a 20 percent chance of development. For now, this seems unlikely to be a big deal.

Mario & West Coast risks

The remnant moisture from Tropical Storm Mario will move north today and tomorrow, bringing the risk of heavy rain to California. The overall track of the moisture seems to have shifted a little west, which means much of California will see scattered showers and thunderstorms, especially west of the deserts. The good news is that it appears most of these thunderstorms in this setup look wet, with lesser dry lightning risk than initially feared. This should keep fire risk relatively low.

Scattered showers and thunderstorms are likely across southern and central California, with rain amounts from a couple tenths of an inch to perhaps as much as 1 to 2 inches. The heaviest rain passes offshore. (Pivotal Weather)

Rain totals will be very erratic in nature, as some places may only see a couple tenths of an inch or less, while others may see flash flooding concerns and 1 to 2 inches of rainfall. Follow your local NWS office for the latest here.